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Craniofacial "types" of the ancient populations of the Tarim Basin
Topic Started: Jun 20 2016, 07:26:08 AM (111 Views)
black man
The Right Hand
[ *  *  * ]
E:
3800 BP Gumugou cemetery, Qawrighul(?), 70km to the east of former Lop Nuur:
- "proto-European"
--- braincase: high, long and narrow, the occiput projecting(?) in a rounded way
--- face as a whole: broad and low
--- orbits: rectangular, glabella and superciliary arc being prominent
--- nose: prominent bones, broad(!) openings

Apart from that, the skull depicted in Han's essay from 1998 can be described as follows:
--- cheekbones: gracile but broad and laterally prominent
--- lower jaw: as a whole kind of rounded and contributing to a "square face", angles visible, chin rather small

E:
3100-2500 BP Yanbulak cemetery, Liushuquan in Hami region:
- predominately "Mongoloid" "type" similar to "East Tibetan populations"
--- braincase: "elongated"
--- orbits: "fairly wide"
- minority like in Gumugou cemetery, i.e., "proto-European"

Apart from that, the skulls depicted in Han's essay from 1998 can be described as follows:
--- orbits: not only wide but also high (i.e., all in all large), almost square, slightly prominent brow ridges
--- cheekbones: thickened, frontally and laterally prominent
--- lower jaw (in one skull): broad and thickened, chin being broad and jaw angles being very prominent

E:
2700-2000 BP Alagou cemetery near Turpan:
- "East Mediterranean" or "Indo-Afghan"
--- braincase: high and long
--- orbits: high, narrow
--- nose: high and narrow openings

E:
2100-1700 Miran (to the south of Kroran/Loulan): "Mediterranean" > "Proto-European" > "Mongoloid" (1998 essay only)

E:
1800 BP Kroran/Loulan eastern suburban cemetaries:
- mostly "East Mediterranean", "Saka"-like:
--- braincase: high, "elongated"
--- orbits: high
--- nose: bones "high arched", narrow

Apart from that, the skull depicted in Han's essay from 1998 can be described as follows:
--- braincase: narrow
--- orbits: rather narrow
--- cheekbones: rather narrow and gracile

in between E and NW
2600-2100 BP Alwighul: "Proto-European" > "Pamir Fergana" and "Mediterranean" > "Mongoloid" (Han seems to suppose that people were mixing there)
--- braincase: apparently various "types"
--- orbits: "high and narrow"
--- nose: "high and narrow"
- "Indo-Afghan", "Eastern Mediterranean type":
--- braincase: high, long
--- ???
- "Pamir Ferghana type":
--- braincase: "somewhat broader or round-headed"
--- ???

in between E and NW:
2500-2000 BP Khotunsumbul: "Proto-European" only (1998 essay only)
--- braincase: non-sloping(?) but straight(?) forehead high, unlike in earlier(?) "Proto-European type" people
--- face as a whole: high, unlike in earlier(?) "Proto-European type" people
--- orbits: high, unlike in earlier(?) "Proto-European type" people
--- nose: narrow

in between E and NW:
1800 BP Khotunsumbul: "Pamir Fergana" only (1998 essay only)
--- generally: "some non-Caucasoid characteristics"
--- braincase: relatively high and relatively short

NW:
3890-3660 BP Ayala Mazar necropolis:
- possibly not described by any anthropologist but Baumer's book features a picture of two mummified heads which can be described as follows:
--- braincase: possibly rather broad in the male head at least; forehead wide in both of them at least
--- hair: dark ("brown" at least if not "black", no trace of blondism according to the picture), straight or slightly wavy
--- face as a whole: slightly elongated and at least relatively flat in the case of the female head
--- orbits: large and rectangular, superciliare possibly slightly prominent in the male head
--- cheekbones: apparently slightly thickened and laterally prominent
--- nose: narrow in the female at least
--- jaw angles: slightly prominent in the male at least

NW:
2400-1800 BP Tudunmu cemetery in Zhaosuxian, SW Ili prefecture:
- mostly resembling "Pamir Ferghana type", "Western Caucasoid"
--- braincase: "shortened", broad
--- orbits: wide, "moderately deep suborbital fossa" (no idea about the racial significance of this); glabella and superciliary arc prominent
--- nose: moderately prominent

Apart from that, the skull depicted in Han's essay from 1998 can be described as follos:
--- braincase: low
--- orbits: rather rectangular
--- cheekbones: laterally prominent

2000 BP Mongghul Kura: "Pamir Fergana" > "Mongoloid" (1998 essay only)

SW:
2900 or 2800-2500 BP Xiangbaobao/Shambabay cemetery, Tashkurgan:
- "East Mediterranean"-like and "Saka"-like skull
--- braincase: "small frontal slope"
--- face as a whole: narrow
--- orbits: "glabella projection" but "unpronounced superciliary arc"
--- nose: narrow

SW:
2200 BP Shanpula (Sampul) cemetery, Luopu in Khotan prefecture:
- "East Mediterranean"-like and "Saka"-like according to Han Kangxin, whose opinion is different from that of Shao Xingzhou, who had classified them as predominately "Mongoloid" in 1988
--- braincase: high, "elongated"
--- nose: narrow openings

Apart from that, the skull depicted in Han's essay from 1998 can be described as follows:
--- orbits: broad, low and rather recangular, prominent brow ridges
--- cheekbones: relatively broad, thickened and prominent
--- lower jaw: thick, slightly prominent jaw angles, very broad chin

Sources:
Baumer 2012: "The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors"
Han Kangxin 1994: "The Study of Ancient Human Skeletons from Xinjiang, China"
Han Kangxin 1998: "The physical anthropology of the ancient populations of the Tarim Basin and surrounding areas"
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