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Khitan and Daghur/Daur/Dagur/達斡爾 continuities
Topic Started: Sep 17 2006, 10:19:18 PM (668 Views)
black man
The Right Hand
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Henry Schwarz links the legendary homeland of the Daghurs along the Shira Muren River to the "heartland" of the Khitan empire (Schwarz, p. 155). There must have been a "Parhae"/"Bohai" population around as well (ibid.), with whom their ancestors might have mixed(?). (Strangely, we hardly have any posts about the history of this region in this forum.) Furthermore, Schwarz speculates that the Nen (Nonni) River could have been like a borderline between the ancestors of the Daghurs and a population of the Jin empire in the 12th century (Schwarz, p. 156).

In the first half of the 18th century Qing government sent some more than 700 Daghurs to the northern frontier of the empire. Their task was to protect the population of the Qing empire from the Russians. They founded Hailar city, the district of which is still ethno-demographically interesting, in the Barga / Khingan area (Schwarz, pp. 158-9). This has something to do with the history of the Solon Ewenks, too, btw.

Source: Schwarz: "The Daurs of China: an outline".




general information:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Khitan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur
http://www.chine-informations.com/mods/dos...on=fiche&id=787

in the media:
http://china.org.cn/english/2001/Aug/16896.htm

genetic studies:
http://www.cjcu.jlu.edu.cn/2006e2/2006e2.htm
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=P...b0dafec85d6bed8
"Genetic Structure Analysis of Human Remains from Khitan Noble Necropolis"
by Xu et al., 2006
and
"Phylogenetic Analysis of mtDNA from the Ancient Human of Yuan Dynasty in Inner Mongolia in China"
by Fu et al., 2006
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ren
Advanced Member
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The conclusion reached in the first study, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1005-9040(06)60060-3, is below. The Duar are indeed the closest population to these Khitan noblemen. (The Duar are also the closest to the ancient site samples in the second study, though these were probably not Khitan or perhaps they were dispersed Khitan after the fall of their Liao/Khitan empire.) I just wish the first study reported the specific mtDNA lineages they found. However, since it reports that the Khitan are far from Central Asians, I'm assuming there was no W. Eurasian lineages found as in the Xiongnu and Wanggu.
Quote:
 
The former research of linguistics has shown that
Daurs are the descendants of Khitans. In this study, as
shown in the phylogenetic tree and the MDS plot, the
Khitan nobles are close to Daurs. However, the Khitan
nobles show close relationship with other populations
located in Northern Asia, such as Inner Mongolians,
the Northern Hans, and Outer Mongolians, etc. Therefore,
there is a close relationship between the Khitan
nobles and the Daur people. However, to confirm
whether Daurs are descendants of Khitans, more molecular
biological evidence is required.


More conclusions:
Quote:
 
The whereabouts of the Khitan people and the relationships
between Khitans and each of the other related
ethnic populations have long been debated. According
to historical and archaeological evidence, after the
Liao Dynasty was subjugated, some of the Khitan people
went west to Central Asia and settled there, and
some of the Khitan people threw themselves into the lap
of the Mongolians and joined the Mongolian troops, to
fight for the Yuan Dynasty, and the other Khitan people
were assimilated by circumjacent populations.
Therefore, we compared the Khitan nobles with Mongolians
including Outer Mongolians and Inner Mongolians,
some people in the northern part of China such as
the Northern Hans, Ewenkis, Oroqens, etc. , and
some populations of Central Asia, for example, Kazaks
, Uighurs and Kirghizs. The phylogenetic tree
shows that there are closer relationships between the
Khitan nobles and each of the North Asian populations
including Outer Mongolians, Inner Mongolians, the
Northern Hans, Daurs, Buryats and so on, especially
the populations of northeastern China. Together with
the result of MDS, it is indicated that Khitans had experienced
more contact with the North Asians. The result
possibly suggests that most Khitans were assimilated
by circumambient populations and amalgamated into
the Mongolian clan, including Outer Mongolians and
Inner Mongolians. On the other hand, the number of
Khitans who went to Central Asia was so small that it
could not change the gene pool of Central Asian populaions.
As a result, the Khitan nobles are far from
Central Asian populations in the phylogenetic tree. The
above result is consistent with the historical and archaeological
research results.


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Also, this comment by Karolus on the first Wiki site is thoroughly useless, since the surnames mentioned are the most common anywhere in N. China and probably in the whole country.
Quote:
 
Also in Hebei province, the most dominant last names are Liu, Wang and Zhang. The Khitans had only two last names, the Ye Lue and Xiao. Ye Lue is sinicized into Liu in the Jin Dynasty, and Wan Yan is sinicized into Wang in the Yuan and Ming Dynasty.
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black man
The Right Hand
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According to figure 17 in the "Northeast Asia" paper by Tumen from 2011, medieval "Inner Mongolia" is close to "modern Koreans". By contrast, modern Khalkhs and Buryats cluster with Tuvans and Sakha. Even the Tungus are closer to Buryats and Khalkhs than the "Inner Mongolia"/"Korean" cluster is.

If I'm not mistaken, "Inner Mongolia" will be Khitans as ancestors or relatives of modern Daghurs. I think, this is in accordance with what earlier anthropometrists wrote and, btw, also with what sahaliyan told us.
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