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Different regional and/or local cultures within Gyeongsang-do?
Topic Started: May 10 2018, 12:16:50 PM (119 Views)
black man
The Right Hand
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addendum:

some time ago I found a webpage which featured depictions of PCA analyses of the autosomal data of 153 southern Koreans among other people. As could be expected, Jeju-do samples ended up in between Koreans and non-Koreans (Japanese in this case). Moreover, three samples from Goryeong in Gyeongsangnam-do and several samples from Jeollanam-do seemed to be relatively close to Jeju-do samples. By contrast, samples from Ulsan, Gyeongju and parts of central Korea were among those samples most distant from Jeju-do samples.

Source:
Hong Chang-Bum 2009: "Perspectives of identifying Korean genetic variations"





old post:

within Gyeongsang-do there seem to be two different ethno-historical regions: while Gyeongsangnam-do seems to primarily overlap with former Gaya, Gyeongsangbuk-do seems to primarily overlap with former Silla. So the former includes a relatively mountainous region once inhabited by people who practiced head deformation like the ancient people of Dawenkou culture in what is now Shandong province of China. And the latter includes Daegu as an administrative centre within something like a relatively large plain. Also, the former features relatively large islands and more larger coastal settlements than the latter implying a more maritime cultural orientation.

Unfortunately, Hong et al. 2014 did not distinguish between northern and southern samples. But at least one can compare the mtDNA and y hg profiles of their "Gyeongsang" samples with those of their "Jeju", "Chungcheong", "Gangwon" and "Jeolla" samples. A few superficial impressions (regions are mentioned together when the difference between the percentages is than 1% and when they neighbour each other)...

A: Chungcheong > Jeju > Gangwon, Gyeongsang and Jeolla
D4a: Jeolla > Gyeongsang > Jeju and Chungcheong > Gangwon
D4b: Jeolla and Gyeongsang > Jeju and Chungcheong > Gangwon
D4(xD4a, D4b): Jeju > Gangwon > Chungcheong > Gyeongsang > Jeolla
G: Gangwon and Gyeongsang > Chungcheong > Jeolla and Jeju
N9a: Jeolla > Gyeongsang > Gangwon > Jeju > Chungcheong
Y: Jeju > Gyeongsang > others (all less than 1% respectively)

Furthermore, one can pool all N9 samples, ...

N9 (N9*, N9a and Y) pooled: Jeju (24/113=21,2%) > Jeolla (12/118=10,2%) and Gyeongsang (11/112=9,8%) > Gangwon (6/114=5,3%) > Chungcheong (5/117=4,3%)

So "Jeolla" and "Gyeongsang" samples appear to be more or less similar in terms of especially mtDNA hg A, D4a, D4b, D4(xD4a, D4b), N9a and Y frequencies. But "Gyeongsang" samples seem to be more similar to "Gangwon" samples in terms of mtDNA hg G frequencies. Apart from that, mtDNA hgs D4a, D4b and G1a are relatively common in Japan as well. And there might be some more continuity as for hg D frequencies in Nuk-do, an island in between mainland Korea and Japan. But N9a appears to be absent from ancient Nuk-do samples and to be relatively rare in Japan. Further, there doesn't seem to be any remarkable continuity as for N9 in the Ryuukyuus. And the relatively low percentage of O-SRY465+, 47z- y-chromosomes when compared with O-SRY465+, 47z+ y-chromosomes in Gyeongsang-do seems to imply a relative continuity from Chungcheong-do to Japan via Gyeongsang-do.

All in all, the differences between the mtDNA hg profiles appear to be more striking until further notice, though. So could there be any differences between the female local and/or regional cultures within Gyeongsang-do?

Sources:
Hong Seung-Beom et al. 2014: "Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and homogeneity in the Korean population"; doi: 10.1007/s13258-014-0194-9
Kim Ae-Jin et al. 2010: "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of ancient human bones excavated from Nukdo island, S. Korea"
Kim Soon-Hee et al. 2010: "Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population"; doi: 10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1
Matsukasa et al. 2010: "A Genetic Analysis of the Sakishima Islanders Reveals No Relationship With Taiwan Aborigines but Shared Ancestry With Ainu and Main-Island Japanese"; doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21212
Umetsu 2005: "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations"; doi: 10.1002/elps.200406129
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luxemen
Member
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Black Man,

I see that you've posted many very interesting threads related to Korean people these past few weeks. I truly appreciate your knowledge and your time into making these threads.

It is true that people of Jeju Island have their own local culture that is slightly different from the mainland peninsular culture. Jeju is well known for having plenty of three things (1. rocks 2. wind 3. women)1. Well, Jeju Island was the place to which many ostracized peoples were sent, as in former scholars on exile and prisoners, etc. It was and has always been a strongly matriarchial society, as evidenced by the haenyeo's2, and this strongly sets them apart from the mainland which has been dominated by the more typical patriarchal Confucianism.

I can't speak much to the physical anthropological differences unique to the region other than my own unscientific observations, but I do know that the language of Jeju Island is very different from Standard Korean. To a native Korean speaker like myself, it bears a stronger resemblance to Middle Korean (Jeju dialect has retained an archaic Korean vowel "arae A")3, as well as having some similarities to both Mongolian and Japanese in its lexicon and even phonology. At least that's my first impression of it as someone who's only spoken standard Seoul Dialect all my life.

This is a short video clip of four Korean guys teaching an American dude (in the middle) some phrases of their dialect. I actually find this video rather interesting as the guys represent some of the more stereotypical phenotypes of their region (from left to right: SW Korea, Seoul, SE Korea, Jeju).

If you're also perceptive, you will also hear that while the dialects of Seoul, SW Korea and SE Korea are more or less similar, the Jeju dialect is often the odd man out.

(Video has eng subtitles, so please watch it if you have time and let me know your thoughts):



1. https://myhubs.org/2017/06/05/jeju-do-the-island-of-wind-rocks-and-women/
2.http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1314
3.https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Jeju_language.html
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black man
The Right Hand
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most recent addendum:

Kohama Mototsugu seems to have reported the values of four different samples from Gyeongsang-do, two from its northern part, two from its southern part. As for his Gyeongsangbuk-do samples, one of them had more elongated faces and higher noses than the other. This would seem to accord to a simple pattern of anthropometric differences between local communities. However, the values of Kohama's samples from Gyeongsangnam-do indicate a more complicated pattern: first of all, both of his Gyeongsangnam-do samples have larger faces when one considers cheekbone widths and morphological facial heights. Moreover, the morphological facial indices are intermediate in between those of the two Gyeongsangbuk-do samples. Plus, one of the Gyeongsangnam-do samples has the longest heads and the broadest noses of all four Gyeongsang samples.

Sources:
Kohama and Sato via Levin 1958
Kohama et al. via Suzuki 1981

So there is more than just more cline according to Kohama's data. Most likely, there is a relatively small-faced averaged "plains type" (or how would you call it?). And the other averaged types could be "Palaeoasiatic coastal and/or mountainous types". Apart from that, such a "plains type" would seem to be of mixed Manchurian and northern Han Chinese origins. And maybe there is no "Tungid component" in the southern Korean population but only a mix of "Palaeoasiatic" and "Manchurian" types which might superficially resemble a minority among northern Tungusic-speaking people.

You probably already saw pictures of inland and coastal North Asians. What do you think?




1st addendum:

what I noticed first when watching the video is that the faces of the Seoul and Busan representatives seemed to be more similar to each other. If I'm not mistaken, the Seoul dialect-speaker also commended the Busan dialect-speaker because of a kind of masculine expressiveness. By contrast, Jeolla representative was called "friendly" according to the translation. And the Jeju representative was, as far as I can judge, relatively calm when compared with the others. The Busan representative would perhaps be in between the Seoul representative and the two others.

I'd have to re-watch it several times before I get used to the language as such. Also, Ebizur has by far more expertise than me concerning linguistics.

However, I can already say, I do feel reminded of Lee Jaehoon's MA thesis ("The relatedness between the origin of the origin of Japanese and Korean ethnicity"), in which the author mentions "Egami's horse-rider theory". Considering what I so far read in the context of forum discussions, a modified version of this theory could be that a kind of "plains Korean" culture first spread in the less mountainous parts of Gyeonggi-do, Pyongan-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do and from there to northern Kyuushuu and parts of western and middle Honshuu.

That said, I expect the matrilocal or matrivicinal traditions of ancient aboriginal peoples in what is now Jeju-do, Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangam-do to have been different from each other. IMO such traditions must have been more endogamous than typical patrilineal traditions like those of the steppes of the Confucian one. You can also guess this when judging from the spread of mtDNA hg N9 clusters, which interlink Jeju samples with Jeolla and Gyeongsang samples. But as the authors of the paper I mentioned in the revised version of the topic about major Korean mtDNA hgs seem to confirm, N9 possibly features locally distinctive variants of N9a and Y. I.e., future follow-up studies on as many different parts of Korea as possible will have to clarify antiquity and continuity of the N9 branches of the peninsula as a whole. One crucial feature of matrilocal traditions is that women who closely related to each other stay at the same location in order to support each other. And that's probably why local mtDNA ht diversities appear to be relatively low in matrilocal societies in particular. (These kinds of contrasting patterns concerning social organisation are btw not unique to Korea. They occur in different parts of the world, especially in eastern Asia as a whole, in the pre-colonial Americas and in Africa.)




preliminary reply from earlier on:

Nurizone
May 15 2018, 03:32:04 PM
Black Man,

I see that you've posted many very interesting threads related to Korean people these past few weeks. I truly appreciate your knowledge and your time into making these threads.

It is true that people of Jeju Island have their own local culture that is slightly different from the mainland peninsular culture. Jeju is well known for having plenty of three things (1. rocks 2. wind 3. women)1. Well, Jeju Island was the place to which many ostracized peoples were sent, as in former scholars on exile and prisoners, etc. It was and has always been a strongly matriarchial society, as evidenced by the haenyeo's2, and this strongly sets them apart from the mainland which has been dominated by the more typical patriarchal Confucianism.

I can't speak much to the physical anthropological differences unique to the region other than my own unscientific observations, but I do know that the language of Jeju Island is very different from Standard Korean. To a native Korean speaker like myself, it bears a stronger resemblance to Middle Korean (Jeju dialect has retained an archaic Korean vowel "arae A")3, as well as having some similarities to both Mongolian and Japanese in its lexicon and even phonology. At least that's my first impression of it as someone who's only spoken standard Seoul Dialect all my life.

This is a short video clip of four Korean guys teaching an American dude (in the middle) some phrases of their dialect. I actually find this video rather interesting as the guys represent some of the more stereotypical phenotypes of their region (from left to right: SW Korea, Seoul, SE Korea, Jeju).

If you're also perceptive, you will also hear that while the dialects of Seoul, SW Korea and SE Korea are more or less similar, the Jeju dialect is often the odd man out.

(Video has eng subtitles, so please watch it if you have time and let me know your thoughts):



1. https://myhubs.org/2017/06/05/jeju-do-the-island-of-wind-rocks-and-women/
2.http://www.jejuweekly.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1314
3.https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/Jeju_language.html
Thanks for the reply, Nurizone.

I plan to reply later on in several separate threads (Jeju-do as a reference point in Korean Studies in general, Jeju-do as such, Gyeongsang-do and more).
Edited by black man, May 17 2018, 10:33:43 PM.
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