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Nganasan mtDNA hg profiles
Topic Started: Apr 27 2017, 06:26:57 PM (62 Views)
black man
The Right Hand
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If the ancestors of the Nganasans went to NE Siberia as patrilineal reindeer breeders, the mtDNA hg profiles of their "tribes" will have resembled each other (due to exogamy rules) until they mixed with different kinds of neighbours. The following paragraphs will be based on this particular idea...

According to B. O. Dolgikh, present-day Vadeev Nganasans are a composite of 19th century Vadeev Nganasans, Dolgan Tungus, Dongot Tungus, Edyan Tungus, Edyan-Karanto Tungus and certain Sakha.

The mtDNA hts which the Vadeev Nganasan sample of Volodko et al. 2008 has in common with the Avam Nganasan sample of Derbeneva et al. 2002 are from hgs...

- "C2a"
- "C3"
- "D3a1"
- "U4a"

The only hg present in the Vadeev samples but absent from the Avam samples was "C2b1". That said, the according ht was detected in five tundra Yukaghirs and one Chuvan as well. So one might tentatively assume that "C2b1", which is C4a1 in standard nomenclature, arrived via Tungusic-speakers and/or Sakha-speakers who were descendants of a genetically Yukaghir-related population. By contrast, "C2a", which is C4b in standard nomenclature, "C3", which is C5 in standard nomenclature, D3a1 and U4a might be from Samodians proper.

The Avam Nganasans live to the northwest and north of the Vadeev Nganasans. So they are less likely than the latter to have received any kind of southern admixture. However, their eastern communities could have received Tungus admixtures as well. The mtDNA hgs the sample of Derbeneva et al. 2002 doesn't have in common with the sample of Volodko et al. 2008 are...

- "D4"
- "D6"
- "U4c"
- "Z1a"

Of these, "D6" is D4j in standard nomenclature and will, thus, probably have to be associated with Tungus admixture. Moreover, Volodko et al. 2008 themselves associated the Nganasan U4c samples with Ugrians, this hg apparently being absent from the Altai-Sayan region according to Sukernik et al. 2012. Further, "D4" and "Z1a" occur only once respectively. So trying to reconstruct a hypothetical proto-Nganasan mtDNA hg profile, one might exclude all hgs, except for C4b, C5, D3a1 and U4a. The according frequencies:

n=27
C4b: 6+2=8=29,6%
C5: 2+5=7=25,9%
D4b-D3a1: 3+4=7=25,9%
U4a: 3+2=5=18,5%

Of these, C4b is relatively common in Evenks, Yukaghirs and certain Koryaks when one compares its frequency with that of C4a. Within the Altai-Sayan region maybe only Tubalar mtDNA hg C4 data would be similar in this sense. So it will probably have to be associated with northern rather than southernmost parts of Siberia unless the positions of the according hts in a MJN tells us that it could be the other way round.

As for C5, this hg might be one way or the other particularly common in Nganasans first of all. Further, it's relatively common in the northeastern RFE when one ignores the most common hgs there. I.e., perhaps reindeer breeders brought it to the populations there together with mtDNA hg C4b. The positions of the few Altai-Sayan samples in MJNs will nevertheless be interesting. Possibly, they'll indicate a more complex scenario of the spread of the hg as a whole.

D3a1 could be restricted to Nganasan populations. I don't know.

In their mtDNA ht tree Derenko et al. 2014 associated one Nganasan sample, one Tubalar sample and one Volga Tatar sample with hg U4a1d, the origin of which "remains uncertain" according to their own words. This seems to confirm the origins of Nganasans and Samodians in general in the Altai-Sayan region.

Sources:
Derenko et al. 2014: "Western Eurasian ancestry in modern Siberians based on mitogenomic data"; doi: 10.1186/s12862-014-0217-9
Dolgikh in Michael 1962, p. 234.
Sukernik et al. 2012: "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi"; doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22050
Volodko et al. 2008: "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas"; doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019
Volodko 2009 (dissertation)
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Ebizur
Advanced Member
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In regard to mtDNA haplogroup D3, I recall that Lippold et al. (2014) have estimated that the mtDNA of a closely-related pair of Oroqen members of haplogroup D3 should share a MRCA with a Japanese in D4b about 20,000 years ago. That allows us to place an upper bound of 20,000 years on the TMRCA of all members of mtDNA haplogroup D3, though I would not be surprised if the actual TMRCA turned out to be much less than 20,000 years.
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black man
The Right Hand
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Judging from the numbers in the trees of Volodko and Sukernik et al.,
- the Nganasan, Tungus and Mongolian D3 derivatives are recent, whereas the Yukaghir D3 hts seem to be rather ancient (Sukernik et al., fig. 3)
- within D4b-14927 the (partly Beringian) North Asian cluster is older than the Japanese cluster (Volodko 2009, fig. 3A)

There is a lack of non-Japanese East Asian samples. So conclusions concerning East Asian D4b in particular might be premature right now. However, when one considers y hg distribution patterns according to the papers mentioned above, one might already suppose that D3 appears to have been in North Asia for quite a while, maybe among rather bilateral people like the probable ancestors of the Yukaghirs. Then there could have been some expansion together with patrilineal hunter-gatherer populations, the ancestors of the Chukchi in particular. And the most recent expansion might have been together with that of patrilineal pastoralists.

All in all, this IMO very much confirms the idea that Nganasans are more or less mainstream patrilineal people (i.e., like most people all around the world). Japanese, Korean and Khampa D4b data could turn out to be more interesting in terms of potential cues concerning social organisation, though.
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